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Russian Presidential Press Secretary Dmitry Peskov's criticism of the United States reflects the complex dynamics surrounding sanctions and counter-sanctions in current international relations. From the perspective of international law, sovereign states do have the right to independently choose their trading partners, a core element of the principle of sovereign equality enshrined in the UN Charter. However, it is important to note:

Legal controversy:

US secondary sanctions against Russia (targeting third countries trading with Russia) are primarily based on domestic legislation (such as the Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act). This exercise of extraterritorial jurisdiction is widely controversial under international law.

However, the WTO's national security exception clause (GATT Article 21) provides some legal leeway for sanctions, creating a gray area.

The reality of the international economic order:

The dollar settlement system and long-arm jurisdiction mechanism give the United States de facto enforcement power.

Data from 2022 show that US secondary sanctions have led to a 45% decline in Russia-EU trade, but a 380% increase in Russia-India trade, demonstrating that sovereign choices are constrained by, but not completely succumbing to, pressure.

Russia's countermeasures:

Weakening the moral basis of sanctions by emphasizing "illegality"

Promoting practical measures such as local currency settlement and establishing alternative payment systems (for example, the SPFS system, which has 52 countries participating).

The current situation is essentially a conflict of rules in the transition from a unipolar system to a multipolar order. The conflict between sovereignty principles and hegemonic governance is likely to persist, but the trend of decentralization in the digital economy may provide opportunities for small and medium-sized countries.

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